English Braille American Edition 1994
Home Index
Definition of Braille
Rules of Braille
- Punctuation Signs
- Special Composition Signs
- Format
- Asterisk, Footnotes, References
- Accent Sign, Diphthongs, Foreign Languages
- Abbreviations
- Numbers and Roman Numerals
- Coinage, Weights, and Other Special Symbols
- Poetry, Scansion, and Stress
- General Use of Contractions
- One-cell whole-word contractions
- One-cell part-word contractions
- Lower Signs
- Initial-letter contractions
- Final-letter contractions
- Short-form words
Appendices
Index
Typical and Problem Words
Indices
Index
BRL Courses
Intro to Braille
Braille Transcribers
Specialized Codes
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INDEX OF RULES
Abbreviations, ¤27
Comprised of portions of words,
¤27.b
Dates, ¤27.e.
Initials, ¤27.c.
Italicized, ¤10.a.
Letters, uncapitalized,
uncontracted, ¤27.a.
Postal districts, ¤27.d.
Print, ¤31.a.
Telephone numbers, ¤27.f.
With/without period, ¤27., ¤27.a.
Written in capital letters, ¤27.a.
Accent sign, ¤24.c.
Anglicized words and proper names
in English context, ¤24.a.
English stressed syllables, ¤24.c.
Foreign words and phrases, and
italicized or quoted foreign
passages in English context,
¤24.d.
Used for stressed syllables in
scansion and stress, ¤33.c.
Acknowledgments, ¤15.c.
Ally, ¤46. (exception c.)
Alphabet and numbers, table of 2
And, ¤37.
And, ¤38.b.
Anglicized words and names, ¤24.a.
Apostrophe, Rule 1 ¤4.
Insertion of in plural abbreviations,
numbers or letters, ¤4.a.
Apostrophized words, italicized,
¤10.a.
Appendices:
A¾Special formats A-1
B¾Foreign languages B-1
C¾Other grades of braille, special
braille codes C-1
D¾Diacritics and phonetics D-1
Asterisk, ¤21.
When used in print to denote
omissions, ¤21.a.
Ation, ¤46. (exception d.)
Bb, ¤34.b.(1) (exception)
Bb,¤42.
Be, ¤39.
Be, ¤43.
Blank lines in print, ¤10.g.
Blank lines in print, ¤20.
Blank lines, use of, ¤17.a., ¤17.b.
Brackets:
Opening and closing, ¤3.
Portion of word enclosed in, ¤3.a.
Braille Grade 1_ (revised), App. C.
¤1.c.
Braille Grade 3, App. C. ¤1.a.
Braille shorthand, App. C. ¤1.b.
Breaks in context, App. A. ¤3.
By, ¤41.
Caesura sign, ¤33.b.
Capital sign:
Double, use of, ¤9.b.
Single, use of, ¤9.a.
Single and double, ¤9.
Capitalized portions of words, writing
of, ¤11.
Cardinal numbers, ¤28.
Cc, ¤34.b.(1) (exception)
Cc, ¤42.
Change of margin, ¤10.g.
Coinage, ¤31.
Decimal, ¤28.g.
Sterling, ¤28.e.
Sterling, ¤31.b.(2)
Coinage, weights, measures and
other special symbols, ¤31.
Composition signs, special braille,
table of, Rule II
Order of, ¤8.
Com, ¤44.
Compound words:
Italicized, ¤10.a.
Use of double capital sign, ¤9.b.
Use of single capital sign, ¤9.a.
Con, ¤43.
Contents pages, ¤15.b.
Contractions:
Choice of use, ¤35.
Final-letter, table of, Rule XV
Examples, ¤46.
Exceptions to general rule,
¤46.a.-d.
General rule, ¤46.
Forming parts of words:
General exception, ¤34.c.
General rule, ¤34.
Not used, ¤34.b.
Used, ¤34.a.
General use of, Rule X
Initial-letter, tables of, Rule XIV
Examples, ¤45.
Exceptions to general rule,
¤45.a.-f.
General rule, ¤45.
Lower signs, table of, Rule XIII
Be, con, dis, ¤43.
Be, enough, were, his, in,
was, ¤39.
Com, ¤44.
Ea and double-letter signs
bb, cc, dd, ff, gg, ¤42.
To, into, by, ¤41.
Not used:
In anglicized proper names,
words or phrases, ¤24.a.(2)
In foreign words and names,
¤24.b.
One-cell part-word, table of,
Rule XII
And, for, of, the, with, ¤38.b.
General rule, ¤38.
One-cell whole-word, table of, Rule XI
A, and, for, of, the, with, ¤37.
General rule, ¤36.
Preferred contractions, ¤35.
St, ¤38.c.
Use in dialect, ¤34.e.
Use in proper names, English or
foreign, in English context,
¤24.a.
Use in transcribing books on
specialized subjects, ¤34.d.
Dash and double dash:
Beginning and ending of line, ¤6.
Indicating omitted word, ¤6.a.
Not used in writing scores in
number form, ¤28.a.
Short and double, ¤6.
Spacing of, ¤6.
With Roman numerals, ¤30.a.
Dates, abbreviated, ¤27.e.
Dd, ¤34.b.(1) (exception)
Dd, ¤42.
Decimal coinage, ¤28.g.
Decimal sign, ¤28.f.
Dedications, ¤15.c.
Definition of braille
Diacritics, App. D. ¤1.
Diaereses, writing of, ¤25.
Diagrams, ¤19.
Diphthongs, ¤25.
Dis, ¤43.
Ditto sign, ¤31.e.
Division of words at end of line,
¤5.a.
Dollars and cents, ¤28.g.
Dots, when used to indicate omitted
letters, ¤7.a.
Double capital sign, ¤9.b.
Writing of letter groups, ¤9.b.
Double italic sign, ¤10.
Double-letter signs, ¤42.
Ea, ¤34.b.(1) (exception)
Ea, ¤42.
Editing of copy, ¤19.
Ellipsis, ¤7.
Omission of paragraph, ¤7.b.
Spacing and punctuation of, ¤7.
To be substituted when asterisk
used in print to indicate
omissions, ¤21.a.
Ence, ¤35.b. (exception)
Ence, ¤46. (exception a.)
English, Old and Middle, ¤26.c.
Enough, ¤39.
Ff, ¤34.b.(1) (exception)
Ff, ¤42.
Final-letter contractions, tables of,
Rule XV
Exceptions, ¤46.a.-d.
Foot sign, end of, ¤33.b.
Footnotes:
In notes section, ¤22.b.
Long, placed at end of paragraph,
¤22.a.(2)
Poetry and plays, ¤22.b.
Prose, ¤22.a.
Short, ¤22.a.(1)
Tabular material, ¤22.c.
Writing of, ¤22.
For, ¤37.
For, ¤38.b.
Foreign accented letters:
In writing foreign-language texts,
¤26.
In writing foreign words and
phrases, and italicized or
quoted foreign passages in
English context, ¤24.c.
Foreign language passages and texts,
¤26.
Foreign languages, App. B.
French, App. B. ¤1.
German, App. B. ¤4.
Greek, App. B. ¤6.
Italian, App. B. ¤2.
Latin, App. B. ¤5.
Spanish, App. B. ¤3.
Foreign material in English context,
¤24.d.
Foreign words and names, ¤24.b.
Foreign words not to be contracted,
¤24.b., ¤26.
Forewords, ¤15.d.
Format, braille:
Blank lines, use of, ¤17.a., ¤17.b.,
¤20.
Contents pages, ¤15.b.
Dedications, acknowledgments,
¤15.c.
General rule, ¤14.
Headings:
Centered and cell 5, ¤17.
Paragraph, ¤18.b.
Omissions of copy, editing, ¤19.
Page numbering, ¤16.
Paragraphs, ¤18.
Prefaces, forewords, introductions,
¤15.d.
Title pages, ¤15.a.
Volume endings, ¤15.e.
Formats, special, App. A.
Breaks in context, App. A. ¤3.
Magazines:
Paragraphing, App. A. ¤1.
Poetry, App. A. ¤2.
Termination line, App. A. ¤4.
Outlines, App. A. ¤7.
Plays and other dramatic material,
App. A. ¤8.
Poetry, App. A. ¤8.d.
Special symbols page, App. A. ¤9.
Tabular material, App. A. ¤5.
Test materials, App. A. ¤6.
Transcriber's notes page, App. A.
¤10.
TFractions, writing of, ¤28.c.
French accented letters, App. B. ¤1.
German accented letters, App. B. ¤4.
Gg, ¤34.b.(1) (exception)
Gg, ¤42.
Grade 3 Braille, App. C. ¤1.a.
Greek alphabet (international) and
other special signs, App. B.
¤6. a.-c.
Greek passages in English text, ¤26.b.
Greek letters, writing of in English
context, ¤24.e.
Had, ¤45. (exception e.)
Headings:
Cell 5, ¤17.b.
Centered, ¤17.a.
Paragraph, ¤18.b.
Here, ¤45. (exception b.)
His, ¤39.
Hyphen, ¤5.
Spacing after disconnected compound
words, ¤5.
Use in compound words, ¤5.
Use in joining numbers, ¤28.b.
Use in writing scores in number
form, ¤28.a.
Used to set apart italicized or
capitalized portions of words,
¤11.
When used to indicate omitted letters,
¤5.b.
With Roman numerals, ¤30.a.
Illustrations, omission of, ¤19.
In, ¤39.
Initial-letter contractions, tables of,
Rule XIV
Exceptions, ¤45.a.-f.
Initials, ¤27.c.
Inscriptions, ¤32.b.(1)
Integral numbers, division of, ¤28.b.
Into, ¤41.
Introductions, ¤15.d.
IPA Phonetics Code, App. D. ¤3.
Italian accented letters, App. B. ¤2.
Italic sign:
In abbreviations, ¤10.a.
In apostrophized words, ¤10.a.
In compound words, ¤10.a.
Single and double, ¤10.
Italicized passages, ¤10.b.
Comprising more than one
paragraph, ¤10.c.
Dash or ellipsis at beginning or
end, ¤10.d.
Last word in compound word,
¤10.b.
Italicized portions of words, writing
of, ¤11.
Italicized titles or items, list of,
¤10.b.
Italics:
Omission of in quoted matter,
¤10.f.
To be substituted for small capital
letters, bold-face type, or
underscoring, ¤10.e.
Used in paragraph headings,
¤18.b.
Ity, ¤46. (exception c.)
Latin diphthongs and vowel signs,
App. B. ¤5.
Letter sign, ¤12.
Purpose, ¤12.
Use in languages not employing
Roman alphabet, ¤26.b.
When not used, ¤12.b.
When used, ¤12.a.
With letter endings of Roman
numerals, ¤30.b.
With uncapitalized Roman
numerals, ¤30.
Letters, alphabet (see letter sign)
Line sign, ¤32.b.(1)
Lisped words, ¤13.c.
Lower signs, Rule XIII
Lower sign rule, ¤40.
Mathematical signs of operation,
common, ¤28.j.
Measures, ¤31.
Mixed numbers, writing of, ¤28.d.
Money, foreign, ¤31.b.(1)
Ness, ¤46. (exception b.)
Non-Latin letters, ¤24.e.
Non-Latin letters, ¤31.c.
Non-Latin words, ¤26.b.
Number sign, ¤28.
Termination of effect, ¤28.a.
Numbers:
Cardinal, ¤28.
Decimal coinage, ¤28.g.
Decimal sign, ¤28.f.
Division of, ¤28.b.
Fractions, ¤28.c.
Mixed numbers, ¤28.d.
Oblique stroke or bar, ¤28.e.
Ordinal, ¤29.
Roman numerals, ¤30.
Sports scores, votes, results,
writing of, ¤28.a.
Time, definite point of, ¤28.h.
Time, intervals of, ¤28.i.
With dash, ¤28.a.
With hyphen, ¤28.b.
Numerals, Roman, ¤30.
Oblique stroke or bar, ¤28.e.
With numbers, ¤28.e.
Of, ¤37.
Of, ¤38.b.
Omissions of copy, ¤19.
Omitted letters:
When indicated by dots, ¤7.a.
When indicated by hyphens, ¤5.b.
Omitted words, indicated by dash,
¤6.a.
One, ¤45. (exceptions a., b.)
One-cell part-word signs, Rule XII
One-cell whole-word and part-word
signs, table of
One-cell whole-word contractions,
Rule XI
Ordinal numbers, ¤29.
Omission of "n" or "r" in,
¤29. (exception)
With foreign endings, writing of,
¤29. (exception)
Other grades of braille:
Grade 3 Braille, App. C. ¤1.a.
Revised Braille Grade 1_, App. C.
¤1.c.
Shorthand, App. C. ¤1.b.
Special braille codes, App. C. ¤2.
Outlines, App. A. ¤7.
Page numbering, ¤16.
Paragraphs:
Paragraph headings, ¤18.b.
Paragraphing, ¤18.a.
Paragraphing, App. A. ¤1.
Parentheses:
Opening and closing, ¤3.
Portion of word enclosed in, ¤3.a.
Part, ¤45. (exception c.)
Phonetics, App. D. ¤3.
Plays and other dramatic material,
App. A. ¤8.
Poetry:
Numbered lines, ¤32.c.
Prose format, ¤32.b.
Special format, App. A. ¤2.
Verse format, ¤32.a.
Portions of words, italicized or
capitalized, ¤11.
Postal districts, ¤27.d.
Prefaces, ¤15.d.
Print abbreviations, ¤31.a.
Print symbols list, ¤31.b.
Print symbol indicator, ¤31.b.(2)
Use in technical works, ¤31.d.
Pronunciation systems of well-known
dictionaries, App. D. ¤2.
Proper names:
Use of contractions in, ¤24.a.
Use of contractions in, ¤36.c.
Use of contractions in, ¤38.e.
Use of short-form words in,
¤47.b.
Punctuation and composition signs,
table of 3
Order of, ¤8.
Punctuation signs, table of, Rule I
Use and order of, ¤1.
Quotation marks:
Double and single, ¤2.
Reversed in print, ¤2.a.
Quoted matter, change of type or
written in italics, ¤10.g.
References, ¤23.
Revised Braille Grade 1_, App. C.
¤1.c.
Roman numerals, ¤30.
Capitalized, ¤30.
In dates, ¤27.e.
Letter endings, ¤30.b.
Rare, forms for, ¤30.c.
Uncapitalized, ¤30.
With dash, ¤30.a.
With hyphen, ¤30.a.
Rules:
I¾Punctuation signs
II¾Special braille composition signs
III¾Format
IV¾Asterisk, footnotes, references
V¾Anglicized and foreign words,
accent sign, diphthongs,
foreign languages
VI¾Abbreviations
VII¾Numbers and Roman
numerals
VIII¾Coinage, weights, measures
and other special symbols
IX¾Poetry, scansion and stress
X¾General use of contractions
XI¾One-cell whole-word
contractions
XII¾One-cell part-word signs
XIII¾Lower signs
XIV¾Initial-letter contractions
XV¾Final-letter contractions
XVI¾Short-form words
Scansion and stress, ¤33.
Accent sign used for stressed
syllables, ¤33.c.
Caesura sign, ¤33.b.
End of foot sign, ¤33.b.
Long or stressed syllable sign,
¤33.a.
Short or unstressed syllable sign,
¤33.a.
Short-form words, Rule XVI
Rules of usage, ¤47.
Table of
Single capital sign, ¤9.a.
Some, ¤45. (exception d.)
Spanish accented letters and punctuation signs, App. B. ¤3.
Special braille codes, App. C. ¤2.
Special symbols page, App. A. ¤9.
Speech hesitation, ¤13.b.
Spelling, ¤13.b.
St, ¤38.c.
Stammering, ¤13.a.
Sterling coinage, ¤31.b.(1)
Syllabified words, ¤13.d.
Symbols, print, ¤31.b.
Tabular material, App. A. ¤5.
Footnotes with, ¤22.c.
Telephone numbers, ¤27.f.
Termination line, App. A. ¤4.
Termination sign, ¤11.
Restriction of use, ¤11.
Used to set apart italicized or
capitalized portions of words,
¤11.
Test materials, App. A. ¤6.
The, ¤37.
The, ¤38.b.
Time:
Definite point of, ¤28.h.
Intervals of, ¤28.i.
Title pages, ¤15.a.
To, ¤41.
Transcriber's notes page, App. A.
¤10.
Two-cell contractions, table of
Typical and problem words
Vocal sounds without word meanings,
¤13.b.
Volume endings, ¤15.e.
Was, ¤39.
Weights, ¤31.
Were, ¤39.
With, ¤37.
With, ¤38.b.
Words, typical and problem
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